{
  config,
  lib,
  pkgs,
  ...
}:
let
  inherit (builtins) attrNames hasAttr isAttrs;
  inherit (lib) getLib;
  inherit (config.environment) etc;
  # Utility to generate an AppArmor rule
  # only when the given path exists in config.environment.etc
  etcRule =
    arg:
    let
      go =
        {
          path ? null,
          mode ? "r",
          trail ? "",
        }:
        lib.optionalString (hasAttr path etc) "${mode} ${config.environment.etc.${path}.source}${trail},";
    in
    if isAttrs arg then go arg else go { path = arg; };
in
{
  # FIXME: most of the etcRule calls below have been
  # written systematically by converting from apparmor-profiles's profiles
  # without testing nor deep understanding of their uses,
  # and thus may need more rules or can have less rules;
  # this remains to be determined case by case,
  # some may even be completely useless.
  config.security.apparmor.includes = {
    # This one is included by <tunables/global>
    # which is usually included before any profile.
    "abstractions/tunables/alias" = ''
      alias /bin -> /run/current-system/sw/bin,
      alias /lib/modules -> /run/current-system/kernel/lib/modules,
      alias /sbin -> /run/current-system/sw/sbin,
      alias /usr -> /run/current-system/sw,
    '';
    "abstractions/audio" =
      ''
        include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/audio"
      ''
      + lib.concatMapStringsSep "\n" etcRule [
        "asound.conf"
        "esound/esd.conf"
        "libao.conf"
        {
          path = "pulse";
          trail = "/";
        }
        {
          path = "pulse";
          trail = "/**";
        }
        {
          path = "sound";
          trail = "/";
        }
        {
          path = "sound";
          trail = "/**";
        }
        {
          path = "alsa/conf.d";
          trail = "/";
        }
        {
          path = "alsa/conf.d";
          trail = "/*";
        }
        "openal/alsoft.conf"
        "wildmidi/wildmidi.conf"
      ];
    "abstractions/authentication" =
      ''
        include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/authentication"
        # Defined in security.pam
        include <abstractions/pam>
      ''
      + lib.concatMapStringsSep "\n" etcRule [
        "nologin"
        "securetty"
        {
          path = "security";
          trail = "/*";
        }
        "shadow"
        "gshadow"
        "pwdb.conf"
        "default/passwd"
        "login.defs"
      ];
    "abstractions/base" = ''
      include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/base"
      r ${pkgs.stdenv.cc.libc}/share/locale/**,
      r ${pkgs.stdenv.cc.libc}/share/locale.alias,
      r ${config.i18n.glibcLocales}/lib/locale/locale-archive,
      ${etcRule "localtime"}
      r ${pkgs.tzdata}/share/zoneinfo/**,
      r ${pkgs.stdenv.cc.libc}/share/i18n/**,
    '';
    "abstractions/bash" =
      ''
        include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/bash"

        # bash inspects filesystems at startup
        # and /etc/mtab is linked to /proc/mounts
        r @{PROC}/mounts,

        # system-wide bash configuration
      ''
      + lib.concatMapStringsSep "\n" etcRule [
        "profile.dos"
        "profile"
        "profile.d"
        {
          path = "profile.d";
          trail = "/*";
        }
        "bashrc"
        "bash.bashrc"
        "bash.bashrc.local"
        "bash_completion"
        "bash_completion.d"
        {
          path = "bash_completion.d";
          trail = "/*";
        }
        # bash relies on system-wide readline configuration
        "inputrc"
        # run out of /etc/bash.bashrc
        "DIR_COLORS"
      ];
    "abstractions/consoles" = ''
      include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/consoles"
    '';
    "abstractions/cups-client" = ''
      include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/cups-client"
      ${etcRule "cups/cups-client.conf"}
    '';
    "abstractions/dbus-session-strict" = ''
      include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/dbus-session-strict"
      ${etcRule "machine-id"}
    '';
    "abstractions/dconf" = ''
      include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/dconf"
      ${etcRule {
        path = "dconf";
        trail = "/**";
      }}
    '';
    "abstractions/dri-common" = ''
      include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/dri-common"
      ${etcRule "drirc"}
    '';
    # The config.fonts.fontconfig NixOS module adds many files to /etc/fonts/
    # by symlinking them but without exporting them outside of its NixOS module,
    # those are therefore added there to this "abstractions/fonts".
    "abstractions/fonts" = ''
      include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/fonts"
      ${etcRule {
        path = "fonts";
        trail = "/**";
      }}
    '';
    "abstractions/gnome" =
      ''
        include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/gnome"
        include <abstractions/fonts>
      ''
      + lib.concatMapStringsSep "\n" etcRule [
        {
          path = "gnome";
          trail = "/gtkrc*";
        }
        {
          path = "gtk";
          trail = "/*";
        }
        {
          path = "gtk-2.0";
          trail = "/*";
        }
        {
          path = "gtk-3.0";
          trail = "/*";
        }
        "orbitrc"
        {
          path = "pango";
          trail = "/*";
        }
        {
          path = "/etc/gnome-vfs-2.0";
          trail = "/modules/";
        }
        {
          path = "/etc/gnome-vfs-2.0";
          trail = "/modules/*";
        }
        "papersize"
        {
          path = "cups";
          trail = "/lpoptions";
        }
        {
          path = "gnome";
          trail = "/defaults.list";
        }
        {
          path = "xdg";
          trail = "/{,*-}mimeapps.list";
        }
        "xdg/mimeapps.list"
      ];
    "abstractions/kde" =
      ''
        include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/kde"
      ''
      + lib.concatMapStringsSep "\n" etcRule [
        {
          path = "qt3";
          trail = "/kstylerc";
        }
        {
          path = "qt3";
          trail = "/qt_plugins_3.3rc";
        }
        {
          path = "qt3";
          trail = "/qtrc";
        }
        "kderc"
        {
          path = "kde3";
          trail = "/*";
        }
        "kde4rc"
        {
          path = "xdg";
          trail = "/kdeglobals";
        }
        {
          path = "xdg";
          trail = "/Trolltech.conf";
        }
      ];
    "abstractions/kerberosclient" =
      ''
        include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/kerberosclient"
      ''
      + lib.concatMapStringsSep "\n" etcRule [
        {
          path = "krb5.keytab";
          mode = "rk";
        }
        "krb5.conf"
        "krb5.conf.d"
        {
          path = "krb5.conf.d";
          trail = "/*";
        }

        # config files found via strings on libs
        "krb.conf"
        "krb.realms"
        "srvtab"
      ];
    "abstractions/ldapclient" =
      ''
        include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/ldapclient"
      ''
      + lib.concatMapStringsSep "\n" etcRule [
        "ldap.conf"
        "ldap.secret"
        {
          path = "openldap";
          trail = "/*";
        }
        {
          path = "openldap";
          trail = "/cacerts/*";
        }
        {
          path = "sasl2";
          trail = "/*";
        }
      ];
    "abstractions/likewise" = ''
      include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/likewise"
    '';
    "abstractions/mdns" = ''
      include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/mdns"
      ${etcRule "nss_mdns.conf"}
    '';
    "abstractions/nameservice" =
      ''
        include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/nameservice"

        # Many programs wish to perform nameservice-like operations, such as
        # looking up users by name or id, groups by name or id, hosts by name
        # or IP, etc. These operations may be performed through files, dns,
        # NIS, NIS+, LDAP, hesiod, wins, etc. Allow them all here.
        mr ${getLib pkgs.nss}/lib/libnss_*.so*,
        mr ${getLib pkgs.nss}/lib64/libnss_*.so*,
      ''
      + lib.concatMapStringsSep "\n" etcRule [
        "group"
        "host.conf"
        "hosts"
        "nsswitch.conf"
        "gai.conf"
        "passwd"
        "protocols"

        # libtirpc (used for NIS/YP login) needs this
        "netconfig"

        "resolv.conf"

        {
          path = "samba";
          trail = "/lmhosts";
        }
        "services"

        "default/nss"

        # libnl-3-200 via libnss-gw-name
        {
          path = "libnl";
          trail = "/classid";
        }
        {
          path = "libnl-3";
          trail = "/classid";
        }
      ];
    "abstractions/nis" = ''
      include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/nis"
    '';
    "abstractions/nss-systemd" = ''
      include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/nss-systemd"
    '';
    "abstractions/nvidia" = ''
      include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/nvidia"
      ${etcRule "vdpau_wrapper.cfg"}
    '';
    "abstractions/opencl-common" = ''
      include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/opencl-common"
      ${etcRule {
        path = "OpenCL";
        trail = "/**";
      }}
    '';
    "abstractions/opencl-mesa" = ''
      include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/opencl-mesa"
      ${etcRule "default/drirc"}
    '';
    "abstractions/openssl" = ''
      include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/openssl"
      ${etcRule {
        path = "ssl";
        trail = "/openssl.cnf";
      }}
    '';
    "abstractions/p11-kit" =
      ''
        include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/p11-kit"
      ''
      + lib.concatMapStringsSep "\n" etcRule [
        {
          path = "pkcs11";
          trail = "/";
        }
        {
          path = "pkcs11";
          trail = "/pkcs11.conf";
        }
        {
          path = "pkcs11";
          trail = "/modules/";
        }
        {
          path = "pkcs11";
          trail = "/modules/*";
        }
      ];
    "abstractions/perl" = ''
      include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/perl"
      ${etcRule {
        path = "perl";
        trail = "/**";
      }}
    '';
    "abstractions/php" =
      ''
        include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/php"
      ''
      + lib.concatMapStringsSep "\n" etcRule [
        {
          path = "php";
          trail = "/**/";
        }
        {
          path = "php5";
          trail = "/**/";
        }
        {
          path = "php7";
          trail = "/**/";
        }
        {
          path = "php";
          trail = "/**.ini";
        }
        {
          path = "php5";
          trail = "/**.ini";
        }
        {
          path = "php7";
          trail = "/**.ini";
        }
      ];
    "abstractions/postfix-common" =
      ''
        include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/postfix-common"
      ''
      + lib.concatMapStringsSep "\n" etcRule [
        "mailname"
        {
          path = "postfix";
          trail = "/*.cf";
        }
        "postfix/main.cf"
        "postfix/master.cf"
      ];
    "abstractions/python" = ''
      include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/python"
    '';
    "abstractions/qt5" =
      ''
        include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/qt5"
      ''
      + lib.concatMapStringsSep "\n" etcRule [
        {
          path = "xdg";
          trail = "/QtProject/qtlogging.ini";
        }
        {
          path = "xdg/QtProject";
          trail = "/qtlogging.ini";
        }
        "xdg/QtProject/qtlogging.ini"
      ];
    "abstractions/samba" = ''
      include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/samba"
      ${etcRule {
        path = "samba";
        trail = "/*";
      }}
    '';
    "abstractions/ssl_certs" =
      ''
        include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/ssl_certs"

        # For the NixOS module: security.acme
        r /var/lib/acme/*/cert.pem,
        r /var/lib/acme/*/chain.pem,
        r /var/lib/acme/*/fullchain.pem,

        r /etc/pki/tls/certs/,

      ''
      + lib.concatMapStringsSep "\n" etcRule [
        "ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt"
        "ssl/certs/ca-bundle.crt"
        "pki/tls/certs/ca-bundle.crt"

        {
          path = "ssl/trust";
          trail = "/";
        }
        {
          path = "ssl/trust";
          trail = "/*";
        }
        {
          path = "ssl/trust/anchors";
          trail = "/";
        }
        {
          path = "ssl/trust/anchors";
          trail = "/**";
        }
        {
          path = "pki/trust";
          trail = "/";
        }
        {
          path = "pki/trust";
          trail = "/*";
        }
        {
          path = "pki/trust/anchors";
          trail = "/";
        }
        {
          path = "pki/trust/anchors";
          trail = "/**";
        }
      ];
    "abstractions/ssl_keys" = ''
      # security.acme NixOS module
      r /var/lib/acme/*/full.pem,
      r /var/lib/acme/*/key.pem,
    '';
    "abstractions/vulkan" = ''
      include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/vulkan"
      ${etcRule {
        path = "vulkan/icd.d";
        trail = "/";
      }}
      ${etcRule {
        path = "vulkan/icd.d";
        trail = "/*.json";
      }}
    '';
    "abstractions/winbind" = ''
      include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/winbind"
      ${etcRule {
        path = "samba";
        trail = "/smb.conf";
      }}
      ${etcRule {
        path = "samba";
        trail = "/dhcp.conf";
      }}
    '';
    "abstractions/X" = ''
      include "${pkgs.apparmor-profiles}/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/X"
      ${etcRule {
        path = "X11/cursors";
        trail = "/";
      }}
      ${etcRule {
        path = "X11/cursors";
        trail = "/**";
      }}
    '';
  };
}