# PostgreSQL {#module-postgresql}

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*Source:* {file}`modules/services/databases/postgresql.nix`

*Upstream documentation:* <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/>

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PostgreSQL is an advanced, free relational database.
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## Configuring {#module-services-postgres-configuring}

To enable PostgreSQL, add the following to your {file}`configuration.nix`:
```
services.postgresql.enable = true;
services.postgresql.package = pkgs.postgresql_15;
```
Note that you are required to specify the desired version of PostgreSQL (e.g. `pkgs.postgresql_15`). Since upgrading your PostgreSQL version requires a database dump and reload (see below), NixOS cannot provide a default value for [](#opt-services.postgresql.package) such as the most recent release of PostgreSQL.

<!--
After running {command}`nixos-rebuild`, you can verify
whether PostgreSQL works by running {command}`psql`:

```ShellSession
$ psql
psql (9.2.9)
Type "help" for help.

alice=>
```
-->

By default, PostgreSQL stores its databases in {file}`/var/lib/postgresql/$psqlSchema`. You can override this using [](#opt-services.postgresql.dataDir), e.g.
```
services.postgresql.dataDir = "/data/postgresql";
```

## Upgrading {#module-services-postgres-upgrading}

::: {.note}
The steps below demonstrate how to upgrade from an older version to `pkgs.postgresql_13`.
These instructions are also applicable to other versions.
:::

Major PostgreSQL upgrades require a downtime and a few imperative steps to be called. This is the case because
each major version has some internal changes in the databases' state during major releases. Because of that,
NixOS places the state into {file}`/var/lib/postgresql/&lt;version&gt;` where each `version`
can be obtained like this:
```
$ nix-instantiate --eval -A postgresql_13.psqlSchema
"13"
```
For an upgrade, a script like this can be used to simplify the process:
```
{ config, pkgs, ... }:
{
  environment.systemPackages = [
    (let
      # XXX specify the postgresql package you'd like to upgrade to.
      # Do not forget to list the extensions you need.
      newPostgres = pkgs.postgresql_13.withPackages (pp: [
        # pp.plv8
      ]);
    in pkgs.writeScriptBin "upgrade-pg-cluster" ''
      set -eux
      # XXX it's perhaps advisable to stop all services that depend on postgresql
      systemctl stop postgresql

      export NEWDATA="/var/lib/postgresql/${newPostgres.psqlSchema}"

      export NEWBIN="${newPostgres}/bin"

      export OLDDATA="${config.services.postgresql.dataDir}"
      export OLDBIN="${config.services.postgresql.package}/bin"

      install -d -m 0700 -o postgres -g postgres "$NEWDATA"
      cd "$NEWDATA"
      sudo -u postgres $NEWBIN/initdb -D "$NEWDATA"

      sudo -u postgres $NEWBIN/pg_upgrade \
        --old-datadir "$OLDDATA" --new-datadir "$NEWDATA" \
        --old-bindir $OLDBIN --new-bindir $NEWBIN \
        "$@"
    '')
  ];
}
```

The upgrade process is:

  1. Rebuild nixos configuration with the configuration above added to your {file}`configuration.nix`. Alternatively, add that into separate file and reference it in `imports` list.
  2. Login as root (`sudo su -`)
  3. Run `upgrade-pg-cluster`. It will stop old postgresql, initialize a new one and migrate the old one to the new one. You may supply arguments like `--jobs 4` and `--link` to speedup migration process. See <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/pgupgrade.html> for details.
  4. Change postgresql package in NixOS configuration to the one you were upgrading to via [](#opt-services.postgresql.package). Rebuild NixOS. This should start new postgres using upgraded data directory and all services you stopped during the upgrade.
  5. After the upgrade it's advisable to analyze the new cluster.

       - For PostgreSQL ≥ 14, use the `vacuumdb` command printed by the upgrades script.
       - For PostgreSQL < 14, run (as `su -l postgres` in the [](#opt-services.postgresql.dataDir), in this example {file}`/var/lib/postgresql/13`):

         ```
         $ ./analyze_new_cluster.sh
         ```

     ::: {.warning}
     The next step removes the old state-directory!
     :::

     ```
     $ ./delete_old_cluster.sh
     ```

## Options {#module-services-postgres-options}

A complete list of options for the PostgreSQL module may be found [here](#opt-services.postgresql.enable).

## Plugins {#module-services-postgres-plugins}

Plugins collection for each PostgreSQL version can be accessed with `.pkgs`. For example, for `pkgs.postgresql_15` package, its plugin collection is accessed by `pkgs.postgresql_15.pkgs`:
```ShellSession
$ nix repl '<nixpkgs>'

Loading '<nixpkgs>'...
Added 10574 variables.

nix-repl> postgresql_15.pkgs.<TAB><TAB>
postgresql_15.pkgs.cstore_fdw        postgresql_15.pkgs.pg_repack
postgresql_15.pkgs.pg_auto_failover  postgresql_15.pkgs.pg_safeupdate
postgresql_15.pkgs.pg_bigm           postgresql_15.pkgs.pg_similarity
postgresql_15.pkgs.pg_cron           postgresql_15.pkgs.pg_topn
postgresql_15.pkgs.pg_hll            postgresql_15.pkgs.pgjwt
postgresql_15.pkgs.pg_partman        postgresql_15.pkgs.pgroonga
...
```

To add plugins via NixOS configuration, set `services.postgresql.extraPlugins`:
```
services.postgresql.package = pkgs.postgresql_12;
services.postgresql.extraPlugins = with pkgs.postgresql_12.pkgs; [
  pg_repack
  postgis
];
```

You can build custom PostgreSQL-with-plugins (to be used outside of NixOS) using function `.withPackages`. For example, creating a custom PostgreSQL package in an overlay can look like:
```
self: super: {
  postgresql_custom = self.postgresql_12.withPackages (ps: [
    ps.pg_repack
    ps.postgis
  ]);
}
```

Here's a recipe on how to override a particular plugin through an overlay:
```
self: super: {
  postgresql_15 = super.postgresql_15.override { this = self.postgresql_15; } // {
    pkgs = super.postgresql_15.pkgs // {
      pg_repack = super.postgresql_15.pkgs.pg_repack.overrideAttrs (_: {
        name = "pg_repack-v20181024";
        src = self.fetchzip {
          url = "https://github.com/reorg/pg_repack/archive/923fa2f3c709a506e111cc963034bf2fd127aa00.tar.gz";
          sha256 = "17k6hq9xaax87yz79j773qyigm4fwk8z4zh5cyp6z0sxnwfqxxw5";
        };
      });
    };
  };
}
```

## JIT (Just-In-Time compilation) {#module-services-postgres-jit}

[JIT](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/jit-reason.html)-support in the PostgreSQL package
is disabled by default because of the ~300MiB closure-size increase from the LLVM dependency. It
can be optionally enabled in PostgreSQL with the following config option:

```nix
{
  services.postgresql.enableJIT = true;
}
```

This makes sure that the [`jit`](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-query.html#GUC-JIT)-setting
is set to `on` and a PostgreSQL package with JIT enabled is used. Further tweaking of the JIT compiler, e.g. setting a different
query cost threshold via [`jit_above_cost`](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/runtime-config-query.html#GUC-JIT-ABOVE-COST)
can be done manually via [`services.postgresql.settings`](#opt-services.postgresql.settings).

The attribute-names of JIT-enabled PostgreSQL packages are suffixed with `_jit`, i.e. for each `pkgs.postgresql`
(and `pkgs.postgresql_<major>`) in `nixpkgs` there's also a `pkgs.postgresql_jit` (and `pkgs.postgresql_<major>_jit`).
Alternatively, a JIT-enabled variant can be derived from a given `postgresql` package via `postgresql.withJIT`.
This is also useful if it's not clear which attribute from `nixpkgs` was originally used (e.g. when working with
[`config.services.postgresql.package`](#opt-services.postgresql.package) or if the package was modified via an
overlay) since all modifications are propagated to `withJIT`. I.e.

```nix
with import <nixpkgs> {
  overlays = [
    (self: super: {
      postgresql = super.postgresql.overrideAttrs (_: { pname = "foobar"; });
    })
  ];
};
postgresql.withJIT.pname
```

evaluates to `"foobar"`.