{
  system ? builtins.currentSystem,
  config ? { },
  pkgs ? import ../.. { inherit system config; },
  systemdStage1 ? false,
}:
import ./make-test-python.nix (
  { lib, pkgs, ... }:
  let

    keyfile = pkgs.writeText "luks-keyfile" ''
      MIGHAoGBAJ4rGTSo/ldyjQypd0kuS7k2OSsmQYzMH6TNj3nQ/vIUjDn7fqa3slt2
      gV6EK3TmTbGc4tzC1v4SWx2m+2Bjdtn4Fs4wiBwn1lbRdC6i5ZYCqasTWIntWn+6
      FllUkMD5oqjOR/YcboxG8Z3B5sJuvTP9llsF+gnuveWih9dpbBr7AgEC
    '';

  in
  {
    name = "initrd-luks-empty-passphrase";

    nodes.machine =
      { pkgs, ... }:
      {
        imports = lib.optionals (!systemdStage1) [ ./common/auto-format-root-device.nix ];

        virtualisation = {
          emptyDiskImages = [ 512 ];
          useBootLoader = true;
          useEFIBoot = true;
          # This requires to have access
          # to a host Nix store as
          # the new root device is /dev/vdb
          # an empty 512MiB drive, containing no Nix store.
          mountHostNixStore = true;
          fileSystems."/".autoFormat = lib.mkIf systemdStage1 true;
        };

        boot.loader.systemd-boot.enable = true;
        boot.initrd.systemd = lib.mkIf systemdStage1 {
          enable = true;
          emergencyAccess = true;
        };
        environment.systemPackages = with pkgs; [ cryptsetup ];

        specialisation.boot-luks-wrong-keyfile.configuration = {
          boot.initrd.luks.devices = lib.mkVMOverride {
            cryptroot = {
              device = "/dev/vdb";
              keyFile = "/etc/cryptroot.key";
              tryEmptyPassphrase = true;
              fallbackToPassword = !systemdStage1;
            };
          };
          virtualisation.rootDevice = "/dev/mapper/cryptroot";
          boot.initrd.secrets."/etc/cryptroot.key" = keyfile;
        };

        specialisation.boot-luks-missing-keyfile.configuration = {
          boot.initrd.luks.devices = lib.mkVMOverride {
            cryptroot = {
              device = "/dev/vdb";
              keyFile = "/etc/cryptroot.key";
              tryEmptyPassphrase = true;
              fallbackToPassword = !systemdStage1;
            };
          };
          virtualisation.rootDevice = "/dev/mapper/cryptroot";
        };
      };

    testScript = ''
      # Encrypt key with empty key so boot should try keyfile and then fallback to empty passphrase


      def grub_select_boot_luks_wrong_key_file():
          """
          Selects "boot-luks" from the GRUB menu
          to trigger a login request.
          """
          machine.send_monitor_command("sendkey down")
          machine.send_monitor_command("sendkey down")
          machine.send_monitor_command("sendkey ret")

      def grub_select_boot_luks_missing_key_file():
          """
          Selects "boot-luks" from the GRUB menu
          to trigger a login request.
          """
          machine.send_monitor_command("sendkey down")
          machine.send_monitor_command("sendkey ret")

      # Create encrypted volume
      machine.wait_for_unit("multi-user.target")
      machine.succeed("echo "" | cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/vdb --batch-mode")
      machine.succeed("bootctl set-default nixos-generation-1-specialisation-boot-luks-wrong-keyfile.conf")
      machine.succeed("sync")
      machine.crash()

      # Check if rootfs is on /dev/mapper/cryptroot
      machine.wait_for_unit("multi-user.target")
      assert "/dev/mapper/cryptroot on / type ext4" in machine.succeed("mount")

      # Choose boot-luks-missing-keyfile specialisation
      machine.succeed("bootctl set-default nixos-generation-1-specialisation-boot-luks-missing-keyfile.conf")
      machine.succeed("sync")
      machine.crash()

      # Check if rootfs is on /dev/mapper/cryptroot
      machine.wait_for_unit("multi-user.target")
      assert "/dev/mapper/cryptroot on / type ext4" in machine.succeed("mount")
    '';
  }
)